Other studies ( Dalrymple-Alford et al., 2010) by using the cutoff score of 21 found sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 95% in detecting dementia of PD while the test was more sensitive than the MMSE in the early cognitive impairment of Parkinson's disease ( Zadikoff et al., 2008).Īlthough there are many clinical studies using the MoCA test, the normative studies are still limited. Regarding its most appropriate cutoff score, the cutoff score of ≤26 showed 93% sensitivity for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in PD ( Kandian et al., 2014) while the same score showed statistically significant differences in global cognition and executive function and a reduction in dorsal nucleus dopaminergic innervation in PD participants with/without dementia ( Chou et al., 2014). According to the study, the MoCA test consistently showed higher sensitivity and specificity in the dementia of Parkinson's disease ( Velayudhan et al., 2014). A recent review of brief cognitive tests for patients with suspected dementia included the level of evidence/quality in different clinical settings and the types of dementia. The test was also selected by a Task Force formed by the Parkinson Study Group as the most appropriate test for the identification of cognitive dysfunction in PD clinical trials ( Chou et al., 2010). In Parkinson's disease, there is an agreement among researchers that the MoCA is a very sensitive tool to show the neuropsychological abnormalities seen in participants with dementia (PDD) when compared with participants without dementia (PD) ( Chou et al., 2010, 2014 Dalrymple-Alford et al., 2010 Kandian et al., 2014 Zadikoff et al., 2008). The limited sample of patients was a major limitation in this study. According to this study, the Greek MoCA was found to be more sensitive than the MMSE in samples of patients exhibiting moderate/severe impairment in dementia, psychiatric diseases, a vascular stroke, and in the organic psychosyndrome. Only one study was found to report statistically significant correlations between the two tests ( r = −.544, p =. In the Greek language, there is a scarcity of clinical data to relate the MoCA test to the scores of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) ( Fountoulakis, Tsolaki, Chantzi, & Kazis, 2000) in the majority of neurological/psychiatric disorders. Since its development in 2005, the English version of the MoCA test has been proven sensitive to screen cognitive impairment in a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease and dementia ( Lees et al., 2014 Velayudhan et al., 2014), cerebrovascular disease ( Horstmann, Rizos, Rauch, Arden, & Veltkamp, 2014 Ihara, Okamoto, & Takahashi, 2013 Koski, 2013 Pendlebury, Mariz, Bull, Mehta, & Rothwell, 2012 Pendlebury et al., 2012), Parkinson's disease ( Chou et al., 2010 Chou, Lenhart, Koeppe, & Bohnen 2014 Dalrymple-Alford et al., 2010 Kandian et al., 2014 Zadikoff et al., 2008), etc. In the original study, the test was developed to assess groups of participants diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease when compared with healthy controls ( Nasreddine et al., 2005). The MoCA test is a short in duration (10–15 min) 30-point screening test that measures a number of cognitive domains such as visuospatial abilities, executive function, short-term memory, attention/concentration, language, abstract thinking, and orientation. Finally, the criterion validity of the test was examined in a group of Greek-speaking participants exhibiting parkinsonian dementia. The aim of the present study was to provide normative data about the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in the Greek-speaking population, for participants aged 20 years or more, using it in a battery of neuropsychological tests and examining relationships of the test with age, gender, and education. Assessment, Norms/normative studies, Movement disorders, Parkinson's disease, Dementia Introduction
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